arihant current affairs magazine

arihant current affairs magazine

arihant current affairs magazine This article was published in October Credit points give learners employers and institutions a means of describing and comparing the learning outcomes achieved. 81 Key Highlights of NCrFCredit levels NCrF prescribes eight credit levels in schooling till higher education.Uniformity Credits and credit levels will be assigned uniformly between different areas of learning i.e. arts and sciences vocational and academic streams and curricular and extracurricular.Comprehensive credit framework The framework will seamlessly integrate the credits earned through school education higher education and vocational and skill education by encompassing the National Higher Education Qualification Framework (NHEQF) National Skills Qualification Framework (NSQF) and National School Education Qualification Framework (NSEQF).Academic Bank of Credits (ABC) After an Aadhaarenabled student registration all the credits earned by a learner through all the forms streams and levels of learning would be stored digitally in ABC. o ABC was introduced earlier this year for higher education only to enable the transfer of credits across higher education institutions arihant monthly current affairs magazine subscription.

arihant current affairs magazine

general knowledge refresher

general knowledge refresher

general knowledge refresher This article was published in October EMISSIONS GAP REPORT 2022The recently released Emissions Gap Report 2022 The Closing Window – Climate crisis calls for rapid transformation of societies with a need to realign financial system to enable the achievement of the Paris Agreement. o Emissions Gap report is an annual report released by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). o It assesses the emission gap i.e. the gap between the pledges taken by different countries to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and the estimated reduction required to maintain the average global temperature rise to below 2°C preferably 1.5°C by the end of this century. Key Findings of the reportHigh emission gap To get on track for limiting global warming to below 2.0°C and 1.5°C global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions must be reduced by 30% and 45% respectively compared with current policy projections.Nationally determined contribution (NDCs) are highly insufficient Policies currently in place with no additional action are projected to result in global warming of 2.8°C over the twentyfirst century.World average per capita GHG emissions were 6.3 tons of CO2 equivalent (tCO2e) in 2020. 72 o India is the third largest GHG emitter but its per capita emissions remains far below the world average at 2.4 tCO2e.Implementation gap Countries are off track to achieve even the globally highly insufficient NDCs.Inequality The bottom 50% of households contribute 12% of the global total GHG emissions whereas the top 1% emit contribute 17% of the total general knowledge refresher magazine subscription.

general knowledge refresher

knowledge questions magazine in English

knowledge questions magazine in English

knowledge questions magazine in English This article can be seen in the magazine Offences to be made cognizable non-bailable and punishable with imprisonment of upto one year.  In case any authority in the State Government or Union territory Administration is involved the compensation shall be deposited in the National CAMPA rather than in State CAMPA. Related News: Participatory Forest Management  Gudalurs Gene Pool Garden (Tamil Nadu) is an example of participatory forest management (PFM). o It was established in 1989 under Hill Area Development Programme in the Gudalur forest division Nilgiris district of Tamil Nadu. o PFM works on co-management and a give and take relationship between village communities and the Forest Department.  It was created with following objectives o In situ conservation of available endemic plant species. o Ex situ conservation of rare endangered and threatened plant species. 3.6.3. WORLD HERITAGE FORESTS Why in News Recently UNESCO World Resources Institute (WRI) and International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) released this report. More in News  Report provides the first global scientific assessment of greenhouse gas emissions and sequestration by forests in UNESCO World Heritage sites (WHS) knowledge quest magazine subscription details.

knowledge questions magazine in English

sarita magazine online

sarita magazine online

sarita magazine online This article can be seen in the magazine Tree species found here include khair Khajur Banyan Kakera Gum etc. Tamil Nadu Anamalai Tiger Reserve  Recently ICAR-Sugarcane Breeding Institute in collaboration with ATR launched Scheduled Tribe Component (STC) project at Attagati in ATR for tribals. Geographical location and other Important features:  ATR in Tamil Nadu forms part of the Southern Western Ghats (lies South of the Palakkad gap).  The Reserve falls within the Western Ghats mountain chain.  ATR is home to 6 tribes: Malasar Malai malasars Kadars Eravallars Pulayars and Muduvars. Forests: Supports diverse habitats- Wet evergreen forests semi evergreen forests moist deciduous dry deciduous dry thorn and shola forests. Fauna and Flora: Asiatic Elephant Lion Tailed Macaque Nilgiri Langur Tiger etc. Bamboos canes reeds palms SrivilliputhurMegamalai Geographical location and other Important features:  It is the largest tiger reserve in Tamil Nadu. 68 Tiger Reserve (SMTR)  It acts as buffer for Periyar Tiger Reserve and offer excellent genetic exchange grounds for the tigers of Anamalai region.  It covers forests of Megamalai wildlife sanctuary and Srivilliputhur grizzled squirrel wildlife sanctuary in the districts of Theni Virudhunagar and Madurai. Rivers: Vaigai River Forests: mix of tropical evergreen forests and semi-evergreen forests dry deciduous forests and moist mixed deciduous forests grassland. Fauna and Flora: grizzled giant squirrels Bengal tiger bonnet macaque common langur elephants flying squirrels gaur Indian giant squirrel leopard lion-tailed macaques mouse deer Nilgiri langur Nilgiri Tahrs palm civets porcupine sambar slender loris sloth bear spotted deer tree shrews etc. Kazhuveli Bird Sanctuary  Recently the Tamil Nadu government declared the 5151.60 ha of Kazhuveli wetland as Kazhuveli Bird Sanctuary (16th of Tamil Nadu) under section 18 of the Wildlife (Protection) Act 1972 Geographical location and other Important features buy sarita magazine online. 

sarita magazine online

drishti current affairs magazine English

drishti current affairs magazine English

drishti current affairs magazine English This article was published in the magazine The monitoring is being carried out with the help of Central Pollution Control Board; State Pollution Control Boards; Pollution Control Committees; National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI) Nagpur. o CPCB co-ordinates with these agencies to ensure the uniformity consistency of air quality data and provides technical and financial support to them for operating the monitoring stations Air quality standards: CPCB air quality standards in form of NAAQS (National Ambient Air Quality Standards) are notified for 12 parameters (carbon monoxide (CO) nitrogen dioxide (NO2) sulphur dioxide (SO2) particulate matter (PM) of less than 2.5 microns size (PM2.5) PM of less than 10 microns size (PM10) Ozone (O3) Lead (Pb) Ammonia (NH3) Benzo(a)Pyrene (BaP) Benzene (C6H6) Arsenic (As) and Nickel (Ni)). 30 o NAAQS doesnt meet the WHOs existing standards (2005 guidelines) and considerably differ from updated guidelines. For instance NAAQS specify an annual limit of 60 microgram per cubic metre for PM 10 and 100 for a 24-hour period which are 15 and 45 respectively in revised WHO guidelines. Related News: National air quality index (NAQI) NAQI is tool that uses numbers to simplify air quality data by classifying pollution levels into 6 categories—good satisfactory moderate poor very poor and severe—and denotes a color code on the basis of how harmful the pollution in a specific area is. Each of the pollutants— PM10 PM2.5 NO2 SO2 CO O3 NH3—are assigned an air quality index (AQI) drishti current affairs magazine buy online.

drishti current affairs magazine English

knowledge questions magazine in English

knowledge questions magazine in English

knowledge questions magazine in English article was published in recommendations of the gst council are only persuasive (not binding). article 279a doesnt specifically mention that all gst council decisions are binding on the parties.  article 246a empowers parliament as well as state legislatures to make laws relating to gst i.e. gst council decisions are not enforceable and the centre or state can reject the gst council decisions and set different rates for goods and services in their jurisdiction. significance of gst council  uniformity of tax rates and structure the gst council has played a key role in replacing multiple tax rates and processes with uniform tax rates and processes. e.g. o based on the gst council recommendations we have a four slab tax structure (5% 12% 18% and 28%) across india with some in exempt goods category while some goods attracting a cess above the 28% rate.  the cess is collected in the gst compensation fund from which the union government makes bimonthly compensatory payment to states knowledge quest magazine subscription.

knowledge questions magazine in English

griha laxmi magazine

griha laxmi magazine

griha laxmi magazine article was published in maintaining strategic autonomy india should retain its independent voice against dominance of other members in the grouping.  strengthen peopletopeople connectivity india can step up nongovernmental exchanges and speed up personnel exchanges strengthen educational cooperation to deepen mutual understanding and trust with sco members. 2.3. indias northeast neighbours why in news external affairs minister recently indicated that bangladesh bhutan myanmar and nepal were indias most trusted global partners along with japan and members of the asean (association of southeast asian nations). northeast neighbors of india griha laxmi magazine subscription online.

griha laxmi magazine

meri saheli magazine subscription

meri saheli magazine subscription

meri saheli magazine subscription published this artcle page no13  a snippet of the issues on the ground may be glimpsed in the work of groups such as the stranded workers action network (swan). swan conducted a survey of 11159 workers across the country.xv it reported that  50% of workers had rations left for less than 1 day  96% had not received rations from the government and 70% had not received any cooked food meri saheli magazine yearly subscription.

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Drishti current affairs today monthly magazine

Drishti current affairs today monthly magazine

Drishti current affairs today monthly magazine published this article page no 13 Perhaps, economy and civilisations progress should not be about humans for humans only. We tend to see less-than-holistically and believe that money-making has little or nothing to do with the welfare of our Mother Earth and the ecosystem. But the fact is we humans do take sustenance from the atmosphere, animal and plant kingdoms; therefore we are dependent upon other species and resources on Earth. As such, human activities should be accounted for within a equation that does not place the human species upon a pedestal (which is being treated as superior); but rather assigns the so-called intelligent biped objectively with other species and elements of this diverse planet. In my opinion, the current human activities are simply too self-absorbed within our own kind. The truth of things is that everything, however insignificant it may appear to be, is in actual fact, unique. "Feeling special" and "above others" are simply beliefs concocted by the human psyche, and have relevance only in a human society Drishti ias current affairs subscription.

Drishti current affairs today monthly magazine

General knowledge refresher

General knowledge refresher 

General knowledge refresher  Published this article page no 14 dard in aryan valley it is a buddhist tribal group in ladakh.  the dard aryans inhabit dha hanu beema darchik and garkone villages in leh and kargil districts. the 5 villages are together called the aryan valley.  the word dard is derived from a sanskrit word daradas which means people who live on hillsides. people of this region are culturally and linguistically different from those in other parts of ladakh.  their culture is the aryan culture.  dard aryan is not among the list of notified schedule tribes.  geotourism sites in north east why in news? recently it was reported that geological survey of india (gsi) proposed geotourism sites in north east to visit. more on newstwelve locations in northeast are proposed to be included in 32 approved geotourism or geoheritage sites in the country. 47 o of the 12 sites three are in meghalaya two each in assam and tripura and one each in arunachal pradesh manipur mizoram nagaland and Sikkim General knowledge refresher buy.

General knowledge refresher 

Shine india monthly magazine

Shine india monthly magazine

Shine india monthly magazine Published this article page no  25 Training of Gram Nyayadhikari This is imperative keeping in mind the objectives of Gram Nyayalayas. Apart from the legal and procedural requirements of Gram Nyayalayas training may also include the local language of the community amongst whom they are posted.  Creation of awareness among various stakeholders Suitable steps may be taken for creating awareness among various stakeholders including the revenue and police officers. INNER LINE PERMIT Why in news? Recently Manipur has launched an online portal for the travellers to seek Inner Line Permits. More on news  Now applicants can apply the ILP online by making necessary payment and preprint their permits before reaching the state.  The new system would also overcome the problems and difficulties faced by the concerned authorities and officials while issuing permits manually at various entry points or gates. About ILP  It is a travel document that allows an Indian citizen to visit or stay in a state that is protected under the ILP system. o Foreigners need a Protected Area Permit (PAP) to visit tourist places which are different from Inner Line Permits needed by domestic tourists Shine india monthly magazine buy. 

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arihant current affairs magazine monthly

arihant current affairs magazine monthly

arihant current affairs magazine monthly Published this article page no  06 In Public Interest Foundation Vs UoI 2014 SC directed the trial courts to complete the trial of cases involving the legislators within one year.  In Lok Prahari Vs UOI case 2018 SC made mandatory the disclosure of the source of income of political candidates as well as their dependants and associates would be mandatory. o Also disclosure of information regarding contracts with the appropriate government either by the candidate or hisher spouse and dependants was also held to be disclosed mandatorily.  In Public interest foundation case 2018 Court directed disclosure of criminal cases pending against the candidate by himselfherself through EC and hisher political party. Moreover the criminal antecedent of candidates must be widely publicized through different media including the websites of concerned political parties.  Selfperpetuating Since the parties focus on winnability of the candidate (also hampering the inner party democracy) they tend to include more and more influential elements. Thus criminalization of politics perpetuates itself and deteriorates the overall electoral culture. Way Forward  arihant current affairs magazine monthly buy.

arihant current affairs magazine monthly

knowledge questions magazine

knowledge questions magazine

knowledge questions magazine Published this article page no  146 Promotes medical tourism in the country: India is a huge market for surrogacy as is reflected from the fact that in 2012, the size of Indias surrogacy industry was $2 billion a year with more than 3,000 fertility clinics engaged in this across the country. Supports Intended Parents: By helping them exercise their right to life and complete their family. Shortcomings of the Act Total ban on Commercial surrogacy: A total ban on commercial surrogacy will push the industry underground and render surrogate mothers even more vulnerable. 76o In B. K. Parthasarthi v. Government of A.P, it was decided that the right to decide about reproduction is essentially a personal choice, and the states intrusion into such a decision-making process has to be stringently scrutinized. Restricting surrogacy only to heterosexual couples: The Apex Court in DEVIKA BISWAS V. UNION OF INDIA, held that right to reproduction is an essential facet of Right to Life under Article 21. o Thus, restricting surrogacy only to heterosexual couples and within a particular age group while denying reproductive choices to the LGBT community, single persons, and older couples is an evident violation of Article 21 and Article 14 as well. Issues with the Definition of infertility restricted to failure to conceive: It does not cover all cases in which a couple is unable to bear a child. o For example, medical conditions where woman may conceive but is unable to carry a child throughout the period of pregnancy knowledge questions magazine buy.

 

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pratiyogita darpan hindi magazine subscription

pratiyogita darpan hindi magazine subscription

pratiyogita darpan hindi magazine subscription Published this article page no 105  Simplifying access to biological resources and intellectual property rights (IPR): o Certain entities must seek approval from the NBA for obtaining biological resources, including organisations registered in India, with any non-Indian shareholding or management, which has been changed to any foreign-controlled company registered in India. o Applicants can now obtain NBAs approval before the grant of IPR and not before applying for IPR. o Anyone who does not need approval from NBA to access biological resources must 53give prior intimation to the concerned SBB. Further, they must- register with the NBA before the grant of IPR, and get prior approval of the NBA before commercialising the granted IPR. Reduction of certain offences: The provision which made offences under the act cognizable and non-bailable was deleted. However, penalties may extend upto ₹1 crore. Provisions related to BMC: State government will prescribe the composition of BMCs, whose strength has been fixed between seven to eleven members. Further, state governments may also constitute BMCs at the intermediate or district Panchayat level. States can declare Threatened species: Central government can delegate the power to notify any species which is near-extinction as a threatened species to the state government. o However, before notifying any threatened species, the state government must consult the NBA pratiyogita darpan hindi magazine subscription buy. 

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pratiyogita darpan hindi magazine subscription

pratiyogita darpan hindi magazine subscription

pratiyogita darpan hindi magazine subscription Published this article page no  104 Biodiversity Management Committees (BMC) are responsible for preparing Peoples Biodiversity Registers which keep a record of all flora and fauna including details of traditional knowledge available in their region. Key Provisions of the Proposed Amendments Extension of Exemptions: Registered AYUSH medical Practitioners, people accessing codified traditional knowledge, cultivated medicinal plants and its products, people who are practicing indigenous medicine including Indian systems of medicine for sustenance and livelihood are exempted from giving prior intimation to SBB for accessing biological resource from certain purposes pratiyogita darpan hindi magazine subscription buy.

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Banking service chronicle

Banking service chronicle

Banking service chronicle Published this article page no  18  Madhya Pradesh government has issued an order restricting anganwadi workers from being employed for duties not relating to the Integrated Child Development Services. About Anganwadi workers  Anganwadi Worker (AWW) is a community based frontline honorary worker of the Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) Programme.  She acts as an agent of social change mobilizing community support for better care of young children girls and women.  They are paid a monthly honorarium as decided by the Government from time to time. In addition many StatesUTs are also giving monetary incentives to these workers out of their own resources. Problems Faced by Anganwadi Workers  Inadequate honorarium Majority of the AWW belong to the below povertyline category and the honorarium provided to them barely covers their basic expenditures.  Lack of social security benefits The workers do not have permanent jobs with comprehensive social security benefits like other government staff.  Excessive record maintenance The AWW have to maintain total 12 registers including survey register immunization register ANC register referral register dairy cum visit book etc. which is a tedious task.  Work overload The workload of the Anganwadi staff is heavy considering number of responsibilities.  Logistic supply related issues The Anganwadi workers face several problems related to logistics supply delay including medicine medical kit etc.   Poor Infrastructure The building facilities in terms of space and nature of construction are unsatisfactory with many of them not having basic drinking and sanitation facilities.  Lack of cooperation from community Their respective communities have an apathetic attitude towards their work due to which community participation or help is negligible. Way Forward  Along with honorarium some performance based incentives and other social security benefits like pension schemes should be provided to AWW Banking service chronicle buy.

Banking service chronicle

Banking Services chronicle

Banking Services chronicle

Banking Services chronicle Published this article page no  147 There are no Front Runner states and the top performing states Haryana Karnataka and Kerala are in the Achiever category.  For rational comparison StatesUTs are grouped into four groups based on aggregated Total Primary Energy Supply (TPES) required to meet the states actual energy demand (electricity coal oil gas etc.) across sectors. o TPES grouping shall help states compare performance and share best practices within their peer group.  Building 6 states have amended Energy Conservation Building Code (ECBC) 2017 to suit regional and local conditions and have notified the code in the states official gazette. o Four states have incorporated ECBC 2017 in municipal building byelaws.  Industrial sector 35 industrial units across 13 states reduced their energy intensity through the adoption of EE measures.  Municipal Energy Efficiency 11 states have installed centralised control and monitoring systems for street lighting in some municipalities within the state.  Transport Sector 6 states have released Electric Vehicle (EV) or emobility policies and 4 have published draft EV policies Banking Services chronicle buy. 

Banking Services chronicle

chemistry today magazine

chemistry today magazine

chemistry today magazine Published this article page no 82  Diversified Opportunities in Coal Sector (Investment Rs. 50000 crore) o Coal GasificationLiquefaction will be incentivised through rebate in revenue share.  This will result in significantly lower environment impact as gasified and liquefied coals are cleaner fuels compared to coal and will also assist India in switching to a gas based economy. o Investment of Rs. 50000 crore in Infrastructure development to achieve the enhanced Coal India Limited (CIL)s target of 1 billion tonnes coal production by 202324 in a sustainable manner.  Liberalization of Coal Sector o Coal Bed Methane (CBM) extraction rights will be auctioned from Coal India Limiteds (CIL) coal mines. o Ease of doing business measures such as Mining Plan simplification will be taken. e.g. to allow for automatic 40% increase in annual production.  Concessions in commercial terms given to CILs consumers o Reserve price in auctions for nonpower consumers has been reduced credit terms have been eased and lifting period has been enhanced.  The reserve price is the lowest price at which a seller is willing to sell an item. If at the close of auction the bidders have not met the reserve price the seller is not obligated to sell. Mineral  Enhancing Private Investments in the Mineral Sector by o Introduction of a seamless composite explorationcumminingcumproduction regime. o 500 new mining blocks would be offered through an open and transparent auction process. o Introduction of a new mechanism for joint auction of Bauxite and Coal mineral blocks to enhance competitiveness of Aluminium Industry. This will help aluminium industry in reduction of electricity costs chemistry today magazine buy. 

chemistry today magazine

knowledge questions magazine

knowledge questions magazine

knowledge questions magazine Published this article page no  104 Kezoltsa (also called KozuruKazing) is not a part of Dzukou Valley but has become a flashpoint in recent times with both the Marams and Maos claiming it belongs to Manipurs Senapati district.  The Angamis say it is part of the Angami tribal ancestral land and was unfairly made a part of Manipur by the British in the colonial era. What next? The claim that the entire Dzukou Valley belongs to Nagaland is made by Southern Angami Public Organisation not by the Nagaland state.  If the need arose the Centre may play the part of mediator in resolving the issue.  Assam and Meghalaya have partially resolved a 50yearold border dispute in six of the 12 sectors along their 885km boundary.  Both states signed a historic agreement for a closure in six disputed sectors that were taken up for resolution in the first phase. The six disputed sectors are Tarabari Gizang Hahim Boklapara KhanaparaPillangkata and Ratacherra under the Kamrup Kamrup (Metro) and Cachar districts of Assam and the West Khasi Hills RiBhoi and East Jaintia Hills districts of Meghalaya. Whats the dispute? Assam and Meghalaya share an 885kmlong border. Meghalaya was carved out of Assam under the Assam Reorganisation Act 1971 a law that it challenged leading to disputes.  As of now there are 12 points of dispute along their borders. These include the areas of Upper Tarabari Gazang reserve forest Hahim Langpih Borduar Boklapara Nongwah Matamur KhanaparaPilangkata Deshdemoreah Block I and Block II Khanduli and Retacherra. Langpih A major point of contention between Assam and Meghalaya is the district of Langpih in West Garo Hills bordering the Kamrup district of Assam knowledge questions magazine buy.  

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drishti ias current affairs magazines

drishti ias current affairs magazines 

drishti ias current affairs magazines  Published this article page no  65 They found that the physics underlying paint jets when excited on a speaker is analogous to the solar plasma jets.  When a liquid is placed above a speaker and the music is turned on the free surface of the liquid becomes unstable beyond a particular frequency and starts vibrating. The researchers realized that the physics underlying these paint jets must be analogous to the solar plasma jets. The scientists elaborated that the plasma right below the visible solar surface (photosphere) is perpetually in a state of convection much like boiling water in a vessel heated at the bottom.  This is ultimately powered by the nuclear energy released in the hotdense core. The convection serves almost periodic but there are strong kicks to the plasma in the solar chromosphere.  The chromosphere is 500 times lighter than the plasma in the photosphere. Therefore these strong kicks from the bottom shoot the chromospheric plasma outward at ultrasonic speeds in the form of thin columns or spicules. InstaLinks Prelims Link 1. About Suns Surface. 2. Nuclear fusion energy. 3. Chromosphere. 4. Solar flares. 5. Suns corona. 4. Small Satellite Launch Vehicle (SSLV) Context The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) is all geared up for the maiden flight of its mini rocket launcher – Small Satellite Launch Vehicle (SSLV) – in May. About the Small Satellite Launch Vehicle (SSLV)  The indigenously developed minirocketlauncher is specially designed to carry smaller commercial satellites into the lowearth orbit (LEO) from 2002000 km above the Earths surface.  It has a payload capacity of upto 500 kg drishti ias current affairs magazines buy.  

drishti ias current affairs magazines 

drishti ias current affairs magazines

drishti ias current affairs magazines 

drishti ias current affairs magazines  Published this article page no  64 They turn off some instruments. They collect data from others and store it.  In some cases they continue sending data to Earth knowing that some data will be lost.  No one attempts to send new instructions to Mars during solar conjunction. Did you know about the Great Conjunction? Astronomers use the term great conjunction to describe meetings of the two biggest worlds in the solar system Jupiter and Saturn.  It happens about every 20 years.  The conjunction is the result of the orbital paths of Jupiter and Saturn coming into line as viewed from Earth.  Jupiter orbits the sun about every 12 years and Saturn about every 29 years.  Recently the conjunction occurred on 21st December 2020 the date of the December solstice. It was the closest alignment of Saturn and Jupiter since 1623 in terms of distance. The next time the planets will be this close is 2080.  Scientists have unravelled the science behind the jets of plasma  the fourth state of matter consisting of electrically charged particles that occur just about everywhere in the suns chromosphere which is the atmospheric layer just above the Suns visible surface. What are the jets of plasma? The jets or spicules appear as thin grasslike plasma structures that constantly shoot up from the surface and are then brought down by gravity.  144  The amount of energy and momentum that these spicules can carry is of fundamental interest in solar and plasma astrophysics. How they are formed? What are the recent findings? Astronomers at the Indian Institute of Astrophysics conducted an experiment to understand the science behind this drishti ias current affairs magazines buy.  

drishti ias current affairs magazines 

drishti ias current affairs magazines

drishti ias current affairs magazines

drishti ias current affairs magazines  Published this article page no  63 5. In 2009 it began a new series of robotic lunar missions with the launch of the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) and the Lunar Crater Observation and Sensing Satellite (LCROSS). 6. In 2011 NASA began the ARTEMIS. 7. In 2012 the Gravity Recovery and Interior Laboratory (GRAIL) spacecraft studied the Moons gravity. 8. Apart from the USA the European Space Agency Japan China and India have sent missions to explore the Moon. China landed two rovers on the surface which includes the firstever landing on the Moons far side in 2019. Insta Curious On 20th July 1969 Neil Armstrong along with Edwin Buzz Aldrin became the first human to step on the Moon as part of the Apollo 11 mission. Insta Links Prelims Link 1. Names of various craters and their locations on the moon. 2. Manned missions to the Moon so far. 3. Indias missions to the moon. Mains Link Write a note on NASAs Artemis program. 2. Solar conjunction event Context A team of scientists from different units of ISRO used Sband radio signals from Mangalyaan the Indian Mars orbiter to study the solar corona and locate the area of the sun where the temperature rises abruptly.  The details are yet to be published. Significance of the study  The scientists utilised the solar conjunction event when the Earth and Mars are on the opposite sides of the Sun.  During conjunction events which happens once in two years for Mars the radio signals from Mangalyaan pass through the solar corona — about 10 solar radii or about 6957000 km from the centre of the Sun.  This provides scientists a unique opportunity to study solar dynamics. Each solar radii is about 695700 km. What is Solar Conjunction? It is the period when Earth and Mars in their eternal march around the Sun are obscured from each other by the fiery orb of the Sun itself.  The two planets are temporarily invisible to each other like dancers on either side of a huge bonfire.  Solar conjunction occurs every two years. How will it impact space missions? Mission controllers at NASAs Jet Propulsion Laboratory respond in a variety of ways.  Before solar conjunction the mission team sends up any necessary commands drishti ias current affairs magazines buy. 

drishti ias current affairs magazines